Types of oil

Types of oil
Oil is divided into the categories of oils based on the risk and the possibility of employing them, namely:

oil - petroleum

The first category: light oils, so characterized their transparency and quick ignition and float above the water as well as the usability of evaporation and features toxicity include types of oil is high quality.
Category II: heavy oils have Alaltsaq property, the color brown or black as it is unsinkable and the danger they may stick to fish, animals and birds, which may cause poisoning.
Category III: oils non-adhesion, where the float on the surface of the water and be in the form of wax and hard to attach to the soil or birds and animals, and the degree of toxicity less and can be disposed of by washing with water.
The fourth category: liquid oils and are non-toxic color with dark brown or black and thermoplastic melt, leading to difficulty cleaned and include heavy oil types.

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The Making of Oil

The Making of Oil
Move continents: that the earth tectonic plates because of the underground heat engine is driven to move the continents. This movement is that the valleys which collects sediment and organic matter decomposition, which eventually became the reservoirs of oil.
Rise and fall of the North Sea: During the millions of years that moving continents where the construction of the mountains and valleys, rose seabeds and landed thousands of times, inciting racial changes in the boundaries of the beaches. What is now deep water was once a shallow sea, which were deposited organic ingredients that made up the oil.

oil - petroleum

The evolution of the reservoir: Most oil reservoirs composed when down a valley and immersed in sea water. When submerged seabed, it combines three essential components: a source of oil resources - any organic material - material and sedimentary reservoirs are kept in organic matter, and sediment in the thickest oil holding tank.
 Since about 500 million years ago, there were just a primitive life in the seas and these shallow seas rich in organic organisms.
The marine plankton and algae, and other aspects of life floating in the sea bottom after falling to her death, and this organic matter is what Sophie becomes a source of oil and gas to us after that.
When buried with sediment accumulated heat to reach an appropriate degree, ie between 50-70 Celsius, begins mature. This process and this change has led to converted to liquid hydrocarbons is moving and moving from one place to another to make the oil and gas that Stkrj of the day tanks.

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Oil and pollution

Oil and pollution
The burning of oil leads to the emission of many of the most dangerous toxic gases from vehicles and harmful to human health. "
Resulting from the burning of oil a wide range of toxic and harmful to human health and to all forms of life and the environment gases and remind them "of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide and Alheidrockerbionah vehicles and high rate of soot (20-25%), and the burning of salts and sodium Kklored and salts of calcium and potassium. "
The dense smoke of oil burned carries aromatic hydrocarbons and soot, which have a great impact Aldharaly of Public Health, which cause respiratory and digestive system diseases and cancers. Also cause premature birth, miscarriage and birth defects in newborns and Kalotfh skin diseases and memory problems, headaches, lethargy and poor immunity.

oil - petroleum

There are a large number of harmful compounds contained in crude oil, all of which lead to the pollution of land, water and environment, which are in the form of pollutants oil membership toxic or pollutant oil inorganic toxic, which includes many of the hazardous compounds such as phenolic compounds, cyanide compounds, sulphides compounds, toxic metal ions, dissolved and suspended materials, and hydrocarbons. And all those previous articles, is working to destroy all types of dust, including agricultural fertile soil and turned into soil sterile useless .valenaft liquid works Khadza impermeable between soil particles and air and lead to the death of all the soil contents of the living its objects poisoning and to Tdhoromen then the death of plants, animals and insects, causing Khalala fully in the ecosystem. As for the impact of oil directly called on plants and trees planted all kinds and sizes, and sticking to the ensemble vegetative oil is a buffer prevents the gas exchange between the air and the air plants and eventually leads to death .

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Oil traps

Oil traps
Trap is the geometric layout of the layers of sedimentary allows oil or gas or both to gather the economic quantities, and prevents their escape them, and take this pattern class engineering several forms, but remain the main feature of the trap is the presence of rock porous covered rocks Ahabsh impermeable. Water is a key factor in the oil and gas is directed to the trap in the majority of cases, such as help in oil and gas wells is shifted to the slots in the production stage, and so the trap to be the focus of an active exchange of fluids.
And called the product of petroleum trap range tender Pay zone, and different thickness of two meters in some fields of Texas, USA to hundreds of meters in the north and the Middle East Sea fields. However it is not necessary to produce all the oil in the amount of "total tender scale", and therefore distinguish between him and the "net tender", which represents the cumulative vertical thickness of the reservoir product Petroleum. In the development of any petroleum reservoir is not necessary to identify the product relative to the net product (GDP) in the field. It can produce oil from the line Spill Plane until near important Crest is the highest point in the trap.
It is possible to trap the oil or gas, or both, contain, and represents the surface of contact of oil and water Oil Water Contact OWC deeper level of oil production, while the surface of the contact gas and oil Gas Oil Contact-GOC lowest level for the production of gas, it is necessary to identify these surfaces thoroughly before account Petroleum and natural gas reserves in the reservoir and estimate the rate of production.

petroleum - oil

One of the best and the latest oil traps rankings economic feasibility his Seeley in 1985. If we started synthetic fisheries that arise due to tectonic or structural changes Tectonic sedimentary rocks found include Folding convex traps, traps and faults. The traps Folding convex Altdhaattiyh most common types of traps, and formed by shortening the earth's crust Crustal Shortening, examples include oil fields in southwestern Iran, which includes 16 fields giant at the foothills of the Zagros Mountains near the subduction Arabian plate under Iranian plate area, as well as many traps in the western side of the Persian Gulf, is characterized Bojnab with a mild slope of the folds convex petition, and spread in the oil fields east of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the most important fields of Ghawar, Abqaiq, Safaniya, and Khafji. The traps Folding convex court was formed by sedimentary layers in response to flatten the earth's crust Crustal Tension has led to the formation of sedimentary basin, it folds convex above the heights formed in depth Deep Seated Horsts.
The cracks important and direct role in the formation of traps, when lead to a change in the order of classes, objects to non-porous layer and the impermeable petroleum migration "and Tstadeh", as it may be to crack indirect role in the hunt for oil, that participate in it with other synthetic phenomena, such as Folding or change the permeability. Contact surface may be connected to the gas and oil in the convex affected trap some of the cracks, and then be the main element is the Folding-baiting, or offline Vicu rift is the main factor in the formation of the trap, or be anticline has been affected by the oil Balsda Fanfsal to assemble parts.
It consists traps penetration fornicis result move blocks of salt or clay to the top, and the rare and domes mud, but the salt domes phenomenon geological spread, which is made up as a result of differing Kthafti salt sedimentary layer that topped, Valmlh less dense, and then rushes to the top, and cause " dome ", which topped the sedimentary layers, if found by the oil, it is moving towards the external aspects of the salt layer, and is confined between the sedimentary layers of the point of the salt dome and on the other hand. The lead is the systematic growth of the salt domes to multiple traps in a row and a variety of configuration, as in the Dammam field. The main causes of traps salt domes formation is the rush associated gases to volcanic activity, resulting in precipitation of salts from aqueous solutions, and then the rush of salt blocks to the top, or the rise of brines warm up through weak gaps in the layers, then low temperatures gradually causing deposition of salt and increasing the quantity and size gradually, as a result of the continuation of the cooling and crystallization Crystallization processes, leading to penetrate the salt domes of the sedimentary layers and topped the incursion.
The third type of oil is stratigraphic traps them, which formed as a result of changes to the side where the permittivity and permeability in the reservoir rock or lack of continuity, and in this type of contact is different sharp rocks or gradually compatible. Among the most important stratigraphic traps that rock reservoir is surrounded by the port is another port, such as shale, and thus the change in the basis of formation permeability trap.
The class is divided into traps traps is associated with the surface of incompatibility, and other associated with the surface of incompatibility, there are two types of petroleum traps is associated with the surface of a mismatch, two depositional traps and traps Albin training. And depositional traps turn either traps thinning Pinch-out, or traps coral reefs. When dwindling thick strip of the same thickness and permeability of porous rocks, this sector and integrates into the rock is impermeable clay is catching the oil in the porous and port sector. In traps surrounded by coral reef limestone porosity and permeability of rocks impermeable, and coral reefs round types, and other rectangular with a length of hundreds of miles, and displayed a few miles away, such as the northern Kirkuk field.

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Oil rally

Oil rally
After the oil is in the source layers often transported great distances, through the pores of sedimentary rocks until it snaps into Mkamenh called petroleum fisheries Petroleum Traps, which is extracted from crude. There is no doubt that the accumulation of sedimentary rock layers above the source increases Tdhaguet compression and pressure Pressure container classes Petroleum leads to the migration of petroleum raw materials to high porosity and permeability layers, rocks or sandy limestone or dolomite. And moving these materials through cracks and fissures that formed as a result of the movements of the ongoing Tectonic Movements through the retina paths allow leaking fluids and gases from other vertically area and accidental in most cases the earth's crust, but that does not negate the possibility of formation and assembly topical oil in a single layer, and Arthalh small distances where in some cases.

The subject of oil, after collected in petroleum traps geological structures for which limit the movement of raw materials, and lead to the information gathered in the reservoir is limited, for all the formative influences which we Salva them, including the influence of gravity, then separated gas and petroleum liquids from water configuration and begin their formation in the case of poise class according to the relative densities.
It can be divided into petroleum reservoirs reservoirs is saturated with gas, and the other where the dissolved gas, and topped by a third gas, and a fourth bottom of the water, and the fifth highest gas and bottom of the water.

The reservoir is saturated with gas, containing only a little of it, and as a result to ease pressure on the reservoir when production it derives its self-energy of the expansion reservoir fluids, including oil and water below, helping to push the oil toward the wells, then shrink pores induced dilation rock granules helps the ejection fraction of crude, and the oil gathered by gravity down the reservoir facilitates the possibility pumped through wells drilled in the bottom. This type is characterized by the weakness of the oil flow rate at the start of production from the wells, and the reservoir pressure is decreasing rapidly, and thus the production rate drops to about 5-10% of the total oil reservoir.
The reservoirs are where the gas is mixed with crude oil as a result of the pressure in the reservoir and the high temperature, when to start production begins gas, at the start of production, in separation from the oil in the form of bubbles rush and push the oil toward the wells slots, increasing push oil to the extent of a certain rate, and then begins to decline gradually, and produces a range of oil between 5.30% of the reservoir oil content.
 In the petroleum reservoir topped gas, expanding gas, with the start of production, down the oil increases the production rate, especially if the oil contained quantities of gas dissolved in it, and declining reservoir pressure slowly, and the gas relative to oil increases in wells drilled At the top of the reservoir, and the amount depends on the product of the oil pressure of the gas layer, and this amount is estimated at about 30-40% of the oil reservoir.
Water and no under most petroleum reservoirs, surface water connected or being in aquifers, or in contact with oil at the bottom or in the limbs, and at the start of production displaces oil water to replace it, increasing the production rate for a longer period, and be gas relative to the low oil, but Water may find a way with the oil in the final stages to extract the oil from the reservoir. And the product reaches the amount of oil to 35-75% of the total oil reservoir.
 In the reservoir where the gas above the oil-water and no bottom, the oil rushes into the wells under the influence of the upper gas and lower water Taqtin, along with the energy resulting from expansion of dissolved gas in the oil, and thus these reservoirs are the most productive oil than others. There is a private natural gas deposits do not contain oil, but gas has superior water or condensate, and extracted depending on the self-energy. Natural gas is the most ability to stretch and move from oil, have production up to about 80% of the gas reservoir.
 Being the initial estimate of the amount of the expected production of oil, which is called "the initial reserve," In light of the geological and geophysical information on the size of the structures structural reservoirs weighted and types of oil, and the potential for porous reservoir rock permeability and assumptions, and after drilling exploration wells, and select the field landmarks can access the approximate estimate the amount of oil in the reservoir, which is "likely or proven reserves." The quantities of petroleum product "or the final" is the total field production wells until production ceased.
Taking into account the economic feasibility considerations are using all the means and the appropriate methods to produce the largest possible amount of oil, whether through the first production or by injection. In the first production phase of oil flowing toward wells slots thanks to self-energy in the reservoir, and with diminishing natural pressure and low production rate injected into reservoirs with different materials to increase the pressure in, or maintain it, in order to produce the maximum amount of oil remaining, if the injection well water or gas called secondary production, but if you follow the enhanced production method Faihguen steam or substitution of polymers as well as internal combustion.

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Oil Scientifically

Oil Scientifically
Oil mixture composed of hydrocarbons, found in the ground in liquid and gaseous and solid images, but the term is called, usually, the liquid image, called crude oil, without natural gas, or image, sticky, or known Balbtummen or asphalt solid.
Petrochemicals derived from oil became the source of many chemical products, Kalmvebat paint, plastics, synthetic rubber, and synthetic fibers, detergents, soap, wax, explosives and fertilizers. We pointed out that the remains of aquatic plants and animals may be mixed with silt and sand of different metal deposits, and turned into the layers of sediment that increased thickness over millions of years, and subjected to a number of influences formative, turning the geology of the sedimentary rocks and decomposed organic where components to hydrocarbons, be them Petroleum and Natural Gas Oil, who emigrated from layers source rocks to reservoir rocks, with porosity and permeability larger, then Hdzthma Caprock; it consists of traps oil, ores and petroleum storage tanks.

The different physical properties and chemical composition of petroleum crudes, according to sources of production, in spite of the similarity of the installation of most of the sediment and organic properties, due to the difference in natural conditions in which the oil is, of pressure and temperature, and varying depths of rocks source and reservoir.
The move petroleum raw materials through the pores of sedimentary rocks, which also vary in physical and chemical and metallurgical characteristics and geological age. To accumulate in petroleum reservoirs, which are different, too, in Trakebha geological and contents of metals, physical and chemical properties, and the oil remains in the case of adsorption and friction on the surfaces of the pores of the reservoir rock, which represents the natural catalysts for many organic reactions. Also come into contact with oil during the migration, groundwater; to be some oily emulsions in water or water in oil. And the intervention of several elements in the composition of sulfur petroleum raw materials, whether natural or chemical melt Union with various hydrocarbons. Thus, the multiplicity of leads formative influences, and the different ages of the source rocks and reservoir to a large variation in the properties of petroleum ingredients.

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Increase oil production

oil production
 Perforation: is the process of creating pathways connected between the wellbore and the class produced by the hole cavities through pipes and cement packaging envelope surrounding them.
Punching require special equipment operations, you create cavities minutes during the wrapping pipes and cement Ocean and any other barrier between the class and the wellbore.
There are several types of termination techniques have been developed, and the method of selecting the appropriate method on the properties and the class site.
The main cause of damage to the wellbore and productivity decline in the completion of any perforation process is invasion crushed rock Balhabibat class that generates the restriction (broken area of ​​low permeability).
 When the process is done effectively, the perforation allows the flow of hydrocarbons to the bottom of the well to reduce the invasion of fragmented debris.
What is the balanced perforation:

oil - petroleum

The pressure difference between the wellbore and the reservoir former perforation process can be described as (under equilibrium - balanced - over the balance), wants the situation to be a balance under hydrostatic pressure inside the well envelope is less than the pressure in the class.
Recent studies have shown that the use of low-weight very fluid in the termination in conjunction with the drilling process can increase the dynamic process under the balance in the well to regulate the amount of assistance in cleaning after the perforation process, and resulting in reduced damage to the cortex, as well as increased productivity.
Density Near realizable conventional fluids of the well is about 6ppg, giving her the limits of use in perforating the reservoir depleted, as the intensity level may continue to pressure led to a state above the balance.
And put the well under equilibrium process is necessary and considered a substitute commonplace for the completion of cleaning the well operation, which imposes additional costs that may be undesirable or not an operational process, and in such cases, the reduction of the drilling fluid density with no harm to the chemical properties can offer an alternative effective.

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oil wells device

oil wells device
 The well is only a deep hole in the ground up to the bearing oil or gas layer in order to obtain them.
 Are well equipped with certain ways in order to control it and control it through the oil or gas well or lock production.
 To do this requires a special functionality and drilling equipment, namely:
    1. Download and raise drilling column (lift system Hoisting System).
    2. generate torque to be able ileum (bit) of rock hole (rotary table Rotary Table).
    3. pumping drilling fluid (the girl mud) to lift the drilling results from the bottom to the surface so as not to consolidate the wall of the well drilling column (rotate the drilling fluid system Drilling Fluid Circulation System).

oil - petroleum

The basic components of a rotary drilling and functions
 Leads rig basic tasks to drill the well, namely:
1. generation and transfer the necessary dynamics.
2. landing and lifting pipes and columns and Qayson drilling and production tubing.
3. Dakkak drilling management.
4. the completion of the drilling fluid cycle to get rid of crumbs hewn rocks and brought to the surface.
5. protect people and equipment from the risk of explosion, which can occur during the drilling process, or any other risks.
 So rig of several key systems consists consists of each group together elements involved in achieving the desired goal of each system separately, as shown .

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Oil refining operations

Oil refining operations
Crude oil, also comes out of the ground, is a mixture of many different Aloedrokrboneh components, and each of these components can be burned, but this was crude oil a great source of fuel, and in addition to that, these components at the same time is the source of all Almost needs of lubricating oils, not to mention the thousands of other products, ranging from cosmetics to synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastic and so on. Taken as a whole, you know the various processes by which most of these products are produced on behalf of refining operations.

oil - petroleum

 Valtchrir is necessary processes by which crude oil processing, and draw many unwanted compounds from it, and turn it into products unfit for consumption, since it is not possible to use crude oil image which has the subs oil. It is intended refining crude oil cracking to the original components and molecules consisting of hydrogen and carbon, and rearranged to be different from the existing groups in the crude oil, which is manufactured to a usable finished products. And different heating on multiple parts Oedrokrbunat effect, if some are separated from the crude oil, it becomes a gas, and some becomes liquid and others are solid. And each has a different boiling point, and the use of this property in the refining.
There are three main processes for refining, are:
1. Physical "separation" of operations.
2. chemical processes "conversion"
3. treatment or purification.

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Oil Secrets

Oil Secrets
Will not make use of the barrels to be able to keep oil. Some feel that the oil is usually transported along with saved inside the "drums". This kind of misunderstanding derives from the incidence connected with the usage of the drum product connected with description.
Without a doubt, the global oil market do not utilize percussion from the time the oil pumped by way of conduits towards big tanks, and then to oil tankers tanks that are discharged in the consuming countries in large tanks.

The reason behind the prevalence of the utilization of drums is that when oil was discovered in commercial quantities in northwest Pennsylvania is stashed in casks of wine in addition to beer in 1985 to facilitate the transfer towards the horse-drawn carriages or on the river phrases process.

ome believe that the world will depend on oil to generate the majority of the energy that it needs. This belief is wrong along with coal and nuclear power in addition to biofuels (remnants of plants and animals) make up the majority of the energy consumption in the planet.

Some overused in the Gulf of mexico oil revenues, as they believe that these types of revenues are the product of the price tag on oil, which are advertising in addition to media production that State.

The fact the revenues of these countries is quite a bit lower for two reasons: Very first, the average Gulf oil price below market price reached crude West Texas and Brent who Talnhma mass media because Alnfoz Gulf, on typical, the worst of crude West Texas and Brent within the one hand, and the need to go on to the US markets European and conversely. Second, what you get is the government rents and taxes from oil companies after these companies to pay the exploration, drilling, creation, transportation and other costs.

 It also must be within the national oil companies to use the main revenue to maintain the level of reserves and the truth that oil production source Nailla, which requires the usage of part of its revenues in investment operations.

What exactly is the oil?

Oil non-homogeneous material nature consist of one place to another. Used standard for instance "West Texas" and "Brent" to assist in the pricing of 160 species of different oils ores.

These unprocessed trash are priced based on how they differ from standard materials as well as the extent of its distance from these unprocessed trash markets.

A distinction is made between types of oil by density (weight when compared to the size) and acidity (sulfur them) and also other factors.

One of the most important contributions on the American Petroleum Institute to make a standard density is measured in degrees you need to from zero.

Oil which is below 25 degrees density is hefty, and the density of essential oil, which ranged between 25 and 35 is known as moderate, and any oil density higher than 35 degrees is considered gentle.

The oil is sweet when the sulfur content of less than 1 per cent.

And reduced the price of oil when compared to ores measurement greater the density and acidity, and the price tag rises with low density and also acidity.

The light sweet oil production about 40 per cent of world production, while representing the heavy and medium crudes the remainder 60 per cent.

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